CS302
Short Notes
Final term exam
Prepared by Amna
Qno.1: Define sequential circuit?
Ans:
- Digital circuit that use memory element for their operation is known as
sequential circuit.
Qno.2: what is resolution?
Ans: - Resolution is defined as the number of bits that are converted.
It is also defined as a reciprocal of the number of discrete steps in the
output represented as percentage. The resolution of a 4-bit D/A converter is
therefore represented as (1/15) 100 = 6.67%. An 8-bit D/A converter has a
resolution of (1/63) 100 = 1.59%.
Qno.3: what is operational amplifier?
Ans:
- Operational Amplifier is a linear amplifier which has two inputs (inverting
and non-inverting) and one output. It has a high voltage gain, high input
impedance and low output impedance. The Op-Amp amplifies the difference signal
between its inverted and non-inverted inputs.
Qno.4: what is quantized?
Ans: - The process of converting the
analogue signal into a digital representation (code) is known as quantization.
Qno5: what is EPROM?
Ans:
- An EPROM is an Erasable PROM. The contents of the memory can be erased and
the memory can be reprogrammed. The EPROM uses NMOSFET array with an
isolated-gate structure. The isolated gate structure can store a charge for
indefinite periods of time.
Types
of EPROM
There are two types of EPROM. These are as
under: -
1. Ultra
Violet EPROM (UV EPROM)
2. Electrically Erasable EPROM (EEPROM)
Qno.6: what are the types of DRAMS?
Ans: - There are the three types of DRAMS.
These are as under:
1.
Fast
page mode DRAM
Compared to random
access read/write, FAST Page Mode is faster where successive columns on the
same row are read/written in successively by asserting the CAS strobe signal.
2.
Extended
data output DRAM
The memory in its
operation is similar to the FPM DRAM; however, the CAS signal doesn’t disable
the DOU T when it goes to its non-asserted State.
3.
Synchronous
DRAM
The DRAM operations
are tied to a clock signal that also times the microprocessor operations. This
allows the DRAM to closely synchronize with the microprocessor.
Qno.7: what are the types of memory?
Ans: - There are the two types of memory.
These are as under: -
1. RAM (Random Access memory)
2. ROM (Read only memory)
Qno.8: Define Clock skews?
Ans: - One of the most common problems in synchronous circuits is ‘Clock
Skew’. One type of Clock Skew occurs when the same clock signal arrives at
different times at different clock inputs to propagation delay, which causes
different flip-flops to change states asynchronously leading to unpredictable
outputs.
Qno9: Define power dissipation?
Ans:
- A flip-flop consumes power during its operation. The power consumed by a
flip-flop is defined by P = Vcc X Icc. The flip-flop is connected to +5 volts
and it draws 5mA of current during its operation, therefore the power
dissipation of the flip-flop is 25 mW.
Qno.10: Define pulse width?
Ans: - A flip-flop uses the clock, preset
and clear inputs for its operation. Each signal has to be of a specified
duration for correct operation of the flip-flop. The manufacturer specifies the
minimum pulse width tw for each of the three signals. The clock signal is
specified by minimum high time and minimum low time.
Qno.11: Define maximum clock frequency?
Ans: - A flip-flop can be operated at a
certain clock frequency. If the clock frequency is increased beyond a certain
limit the flip-flop will be unable to respond to the fast-changing clock
transitions, therefore the flip-flop will be unable to function. The maximum
clock frequency fax is the highest rate at which the flip-flop operates
reliably.
Qno.12: Define set-up time?
Ans: - When a clock transition occurs at
the clock input of a flip-flop the output of the flip-flop is set to a new
state based on the inputs.
Q.no13: Define propagation delay?
Ans: - The propagation delay is the time
interval of time when the input is applied and the output changes.
Qno.14: what is the flip-flop operating
characteristics?
Ans: - There are the following
characteristics if flip-flop. These are as under:
1) Propagation Delay
2) Set-up time
3) Hold time
4)
Maximum clock frequency
5)
Pulse width
6) Power Dissipation
Q.no15: which flip-flops are used in
digital logic circuit?
Ans: - There are generally three types of flip-flops
are used in digital circuit. These are as under.
i.
S-R
edge-triggered flip-flop
ii.
D
edge-triggered flip-flop
iii. J-K edge-triggered flip-flop
Q.no16: Define latches?
Ans: - A latch is a temporary storage
device that has two stable states. A latch output can change from one state to
the other by applying appropriate inputs.
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